Dimensions overall score 8.0

• Current LLM-based simulation methods fail to capture social diversity, producing flattened inter-group differences and overly homogeneous responses within demographic groups.limitation 90%
• PSII significantly improves distributional fidelity and diversity, reducing KL divergence to real-world survey data while enhancing overall diversity.result 90%
• PSII enables fine-grained and controllable identity modulation at the representation level, unlike prompt-based persona conditioning.method 85%
• There is a Diversity Collapse phenomenon in LLM hidden representations where distinct social identities become increasingly indistinguishable across layers.technical 80%
• PSII injects explicit, parametric representations of demographic attributes and value orientations directly into intermediate hidden states of LLMs.method 90%
• Extensive experiments on the World Values Survey using multiple open-source LLMs validate PSII's effectiveness.result 85%
• This work provides new insights into representation-level control of LLM agents and advances scalable, diversity-aware public opinion simulation.technical 80%
• LLMs offer a promising alternative to costly and slow human surveys for public opinion simulation.market 85%

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