Dimensions overall score 8.0

• of Large Language Models in IEC 61850 Digital Substation Environments Gustav Keppler , Moritz Gstür , and Veit Hagenmeyer Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) {gustav.keppler, moritz.gstuer, veit.hagenmeyer}@kitclaim 72%
• OpenAI’s GPT-5 suite and open-weight models, across a corpus of 81 domain-specific tasks spanning static configuration analysis, network traffic reconnaissance, and live virtual machine interaction. To facilitate industrial protocol interaction, we develop a domain-specific tool scaffoldclaim 72%
• offensive cyber operations, echoing broader concerns about the dangerous capabilities of frontier models [1]. Empirical studies show that highly capable LLMs can autonomously hack websites, exploit one-day vulnerabilities, and escalate privileges in Linux environments [6, 7, 13, 20, 21]. Howeverclaim 72%
• and physical processes. Other works explore the broader cybersecurity appications, such as physical robotic platforms[30]. Furthermore, Iyenghar et al. [31] explored LLM-based OT risk assessments. Within the specific domain of smart grids, Zaboli et alclaim 72%
• Language Model Components Tool Feedback CritLayer Bash Commands Specialized Tools Language Model Virtual Machine libIEC61850 tshark Network Interfacesclaim 72%
• Environment Challenge "What is the anomalously high confRev Value inclaim 72%

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