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• AstroConcepts is a corpus of 21,702 English astrophysics abstracts labeled with 2,367 concepts from the Unified Astronomy Thesaurus.method 95%
• The AstroConcepts corpus exhibits severe label imbalance with 76% of concepts having fewer than 50 training examples.result 95%
• Vocabulary-constrained LLMs achieve competitive performance relative to domain-adapted models in astrophysics classification.result 90%
• Domain adaptation yields relatively larger improvements for rare, specialized terminology compared to common concepts.result 85%
• Absolute performance remains limited across all methods for rare, specialized terminology in astrophysics classification.limitation 85%
• Frequency-stratified evaluation reveals performance patterns that are hidden by aggregate scores in scientific multi-label classification.method 90%
• Existing scientific corpora lack comprehensive controlled vocabularies and focus on broad categories rather than systematic study of extreme imbalance.limitation 80%
• The AstroConcepts corpus enables systematic study of extreme class imbalance in scientific domains.method 90%

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