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ARXIV:2605.09867 · ONLINE LEARNING IN TRANSFORMERS · SUBMITTED 12 MAY · 20:16 UTC · FRESHNESS FRESH
ARXIV:2605.09867ONLINE LEARNING IN TRANSFORMERSSUBMITTED 12 MAY · 20:16 UTCFRESHNESS FRESHEmile Anand · Abdullah Ateyeh · Xinyuan Cao · Max Dabagia · arXiv
Continuous latent contexts enable transformers to efficiently implement online learning algorithms like weighted majority and Q-learning, outperforming larger models on long synthetic prediction sequences.
Opportunity summary
Pain Continuous latent contexts enable transformers to efficiently implement online learning algorithms like weighted majority and Q-learning, outperforming larger models on long synthetic prediction sequences.
Evidence 0 refs | 0 sources | 0% coverage
Blocker Evidence unverified
Continuous latent contexts enable transformers to efficiently implement online learning algorithms like weighted majority and Q-learning, outperforming larger models on long synthetic prediction sequences. However, many interactive settings go beyond static prediction to online…
Large language models (LLMs) exhibit a strong capacity for in-context learning: Given labeled examples, they can generate good predictions without parameter updates. However, many interactive settings go beyond static prediction to online decision-making, in…
ScienceToStartup currently rates this 5.0/10 on the public viability pass. Our results suggest that continuous latent contexts provide a simple and effective persistent state for transformers to implement online learning algorithms.
Online Learning in Transformers moved forward this cycle; last verified May 2026. Public score 5.0/10.
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Continuous latent contexts enable transformers to efficiently implement online learning algorithms like weighted majority and Q-learning, outperforming larger models on long synthetic prediction sequences.
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10.48550/arXiv.2605.09867Continuous latent contexts enable transformers to efficiently implement online learning algorithms like weighted majority and Q-learning, outperforming larger models on long synthetic prediction sequences.
Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) exhibit a strong capacity for in-context learning: Given labeled examples, they can generate good predictions without parameter updates. However, many interactive settings go beyond static prediction to online decision-making, in which effective behavior demands adaptation over long multi-turn horizons in response to feedback, and efficient algorithms in these domains must use compact representations of what they have learned. Recently, continuous transformer architectures with latent chain of thought have shown promise for offline iterative tasks such as directed graph-reachability. Motivated by this, we study whether continuous latent context tokens equip transformers to more effectively realize online learning. We give explicit constructions of constant-depth transformers that implement two foundational online decision-making procedures -- the weighted majority algorithm and $Q$-learning -- by storing their algorithmic state as linear combinations of feature embeddings, using a small number of latent context tokens. We further train a small GPT-2-style transformer with latent contexts using a multi-curriculum objective that does not directly supervise the latent states. On long synthetic online prediction sequences, this model outperforms larger and more complex LLMs, including Qwen-3-14B and DeepSeek-V3. Our results suggest that continuous latent contexts provide a simple and effective persistent state for transformers to implement online learning algorithms.
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PROBLEM
Continuous latent contexts enable transformers to efficiently implement online learning algorithms like weighted majority and Q-learning, outperforming larger models on long synthetic prediction sequences. However, many interactive settings go beyond static prediction to online...
METHOD
Large language models (LLMs) exhibit a strong capacity for in-context learning: Given labeled examples, they can generate good predictions without parameter updates. However, many interactive settings go beyond static prediction to online decision-making, in which effective beha...
RESULT
ScienceToStartup currently rates this 5.0/10 on the public viability pass. Our results suggest that continuous latent contexts provide a simple and effective persistent state for transformers to implement online learning algorithms.
WHY NOW
Online Learning in Transformers moved forward this cycle; last verified May 2026. Public score 5.0/10.
Abstract-backed public claims while anchored extraction refreshes.
Continuous latent contexts enable transformers to efficiently implement online learning algorithms like weighted majority and Q-learning, outperforming larger models on long synthetic prediction sequences. However, many interactive settings go beyond static prediction to online decision-making, in which effective behavior demands adaptation over long multi-turn horizons in response to feedback, and efficient algorithms in these domains must use compact representations of what they have learned.
Abstract-backed fallback claim; anchored extraction has not materialized a public claim row yet.
partial
Large language models (LLMs) exhibit a strong capacity for in-context learning: Given labeled examples, they can generate good predictions without parameter updates. However, many interactive settings go beyond static prediction to online decision-making, in which effective behavior demands adaptation over long multi-turn horizons in response to feedback, and efficient algorithms in these domains must use compact representations of what they have learned.
Abstract-backed fallback claim; anchored extraction has not materialized a public claim row yet.
partial
ScienceToStartup currently rates this 5.0/10 on the public viability pass. Our results suggest that continuous latent contexts provide a simple and effective persistent state for transformers to implement online learning algorithms.
Abstract-backed fallback claim; anchored extraction has not materialized a public claim row yet.
partial
Online Learning in Transformers moved forward this cycle; last verified May 2026. Public score 5.0/10.
Abstract-backed fallback claim; anchored extraction has not materialized a public claim row yet.
partial
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Continuous latent contexts enable transformers to efficiently implement online learning algorithms like weighted majority and Q-learning, outperforming larger models on long synthetic prediction sequences.
Segment
Online Learning in Transformers
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